[71] Mauretania was annexed by Caligula and subsequently divided into two provinces, Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis, separated by the river Malua. [9] In 30, his brother Drusus was imprisoned on charges of treason, and his brother Nero died in exile from either starvation or suicide. A number of factors, though, aggravated this feud. THE ILLNESS OF CALIGULA The Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula) is gen-erally believed to have been a madman. [82] Reportedly, he began referring to himself as a god when meeting with politicians and he was referred to as "Jupiter" on occasion in public documents. [39], In 38, Caligula focused his attention on political and public reform. "Spaghetti Nightmares". Welcome to r/AskHistorians. [103] He is accused of sleeping with other men's wives and bragging about it,[104] killing for mere amusement,[105] deliberately wasting money on his bridge, causing starvation,[54] and wanting a statue of himself in the Temple of Jerusalem for his worship. Consideration of the personality and physical attributes of Caligula demonstrates that Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! official website and that any information you provide is encrypted He amazed the soldiers as he dressed up in a miniature outfit of the soldiers and also wore armor and boots. The site of the ships' discovery, Lake Nemi, lies 19 miles south of Rome in the region of Lazio. [86] It is said that he wished to be worshipped as Neos Helios, the "New Sun". [48] Caligula began auctioning the lives of the gladiators at shows. Caligulas edicts became more and more arbitrary and capricious in nature, and baffled his Senate. If you are referring to brain fever as a fever where the normal regulation of body temperature by the brain is out of whack, then that can happen by a variety of reasons. He executed close and loyal advisors and compelled Gemellus, his potential rival and fellow joint-heir, to commit suicide. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Caligula is often remembered as a selfish and capricious ruler whose ineptitude weakened the Roman empire during his four-year reign. He began to order the assassination of anyone whom he believed posed a threat. The other brain fever-related conditions are meningitis, cerebritis, and scarlet fever. But, in the end Rome would not stand for such a leader. Following the former's death in 37, Caligula succeeded him as emperor. [126] Suetonius records that Caligula's death resembled that of Julius Caesar. [90] The cause of tensions in the east was complicated, involving the spread of Greek culture, Roman law and the rights of Jews in the empire. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the In his The Twelve Caesars he further added: During his reign, the empire annexed the client kingdom of Mauretania as a province. Later in the year Caligula's favorite sister, Drusilla, died; he had been so close to her that there were rumors of incest. In fact, they found out almost immediately. Caligula was deranged, and absolute power corrupted his ability to think rational and remain just. He was the son of the Roman general Germanicus and Augustus' granddaughter Agrippina the Elder. Additionally, given Caligula's unpopularity among the surviving sources, it is difficult to separate fact from fiction. Also, his madness belongs to a discourse which originates mainly from the senatorial narrative that sought to discredit him through any means possible. [99] Once, at some games at which he was presiding, he was said to have ordered his guards to throw an entire section of the audience into the arena during the intermission to be eaten by the wild beasts because there were no prisoners to be used and he was bored. Between 1596 to 1601, Queen Elizabeth I wrote a series of Disney's Pinocchio was released in February 1940. [73] This confusion might mean that Caligula decided to divide the province, but the division was postponed because of the rebellion. He was buried within the Mausoleum of Augustus; in 410, during the Sack of Rome, the ashes in the tomb were scattered. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The Death of Caligula (Jan Luyken / Public Domain), https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/caligula-the-embodiment-of-cruelty/, https://www.museumcenter.org/the-curious-curator/2020/6/19/caligula-mad-or-misunderstood, https://www.magellantv.com/articles/sex-and-violence-in-rome-caligulas-empire-and-the-salacious-rumors-that-built-it-. Caligula awakes from his coma in January 38 C.E. Cassius Dio wrote an entire chapter on the annexation of Mauretania by Caligula, but it is now lost. However, it's unclear if all "brain fevers" had their roots in contagion. He was accused of raping the wife of one of the eminent senators, and was known to have sexual relationships with his own sisters. He has written for 8 years in a variety of fields including history, health and politics. [117] The plot is described as having been planned by three men, but many in the Senate, army and equestrian order were said to have been informed of it and involved in it. 2021 Apr;79(4):343-345. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2020-0358. What does exist - primarily Suetonius, Seneca . AutoModerator 3 yr. ago Welcome to r/AskHistorians. It is a small but evocative section of the sprawling Horti Lamiani, imperial gardens that the Roman emperor Caligula, history's most wild and crazy guy, used for his depraved blowouts during his . He was all-powerful under the new Roman order, he could do what he wanted, and so he did. He was tyrannical, possibly insane, and had tendencies towards debauchery and even the merciless taking of life. Caligula proved to be quite dangerous for the senators and people of Rome, driven by this sudden change in personality. Caligula was born on August 31, 12 AD, in the city of Antium of the Roman Empire. The diagnosis is unclear and impossible to guess. Suetonius claims that Germanicus was poisoned by an agent of Tiberius, who viewed Germanicus as a political rival. The Germanic guard killed several assassins and conspirators, along with some innocent senators and bystanders. [50] Centurions who had acquired property by plunder were forced to turn over spoils to the state. We thank you for your interest in this question, and your patience in waiting for an in-depth and comprehensive answer to be written, which takes time. Poulter D, Votruba N, Bakolis I, Debell F, Das-Munshi J, Thornicroft G. BMJ Open. Philo reports it was nothing more than a nervous breakdown, as Caligula wasn't used to the pressures of constant attention after being out of the public eye for most of his life. The people of Rome were actually angered by his murder, and his successor, Claudius, sentenced his assassins to death. Additionally, there are only limited details on later significant events, such as the annexation of Mauretania, Caligula's military actions in Britannia, and his feud with the Roman Senate. Charry-Snchez JD, Velez-VAN-Meerbeke A, Palacios-Snchez L. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2008 Dec 3;97(24):1287-91. doi: 10.1024/1661-8157.97.24.1287. Some charge him with madness and attribute it to his illness in A.D. 37, whereas others believe it occurred later, or else had nothing to do with his sickness.We have no real evidence to reconstruct his mental state. [97] Disputes occurred in the city of Jamnia. and Rome takes a devastating turn. University of Glasgow. The reign began with good feelings all around, since Caligula declared an amnesty for all Romans imprisoned or exiled under Tiberius, posthumously restored honor to his mother and brothers, and stopped the treason trials, getting rid of the informers in the process. His parents were Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder , and he was one of six children, with siblings named Nero, Drusus, Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla, and Julia Livilla. I just watched Roman Empire, excuse any misinformation I interpreted from the show if it's not entirely accurate (I enjoyed it though). With this in mind Chaerea persuaded his fellow conspirators, who included Marcus Vinicius and Lucius Annius Vinicianus, to put their plot into action quickly. Suetonius described Caligula as sickly-looking, skinny and pale: "he was tall, very pale, ill-shaped, his neck and legs very slender, his eyes and temples hollow, his brows broad and knit, his hair thin, and the crown of the head bald. Some charge him with madness and attribute it to his illness in A.D. 37, whereas others believe it occurred later, or else had nothing to do with his sickness.We have no real evidence to reconstruct his mental state. [5] The soldiers nicknamed him Caligula ("little [soldier's] boot"). Translations in context of "brain fever" in English-French from Reverso Context: I fear it's another brain fever. He banished or murdered most of his relatives and had people tortured and killed while he dined. Although Caligula got no further than the English Channel and was murdered soon after, his preparations for the invasion would allow Claudius to begin Romes successful conquest of Britain in 43 A.D. [42] Cassius Dio said that this act "though delighting the rabble, grieved the sensible, who stopped to reflect, that if the offices should fall once more into the hands of the many many disasters would result". We have records from Herod Agrippa and others who knew him before and after and it seemed like he suffered some sort of brain damage from the fever. [46] Historians describe a number of Caligula's other desperate measures. He was keen to experiment with the opportunities his position allowed him, adopting ceremonies and dress that were. One of the four conditions described as brain fever is Encephalitis (most common). [Emperor, comet and catastrophy - the <> plague and the end of antiquity]. [57] He also expanded the imperial palace. He was born in the year 12 AD, shortly before the death of Augustus. Rome would never be a republic again. [6] Gaius reportedly grew to dislike the nickname. Available at:https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/caligula-the-embodiment-of-cruelty/, Shirkey, L, 2020. [109][110] They state he sent troops on illogical military exercises,[75][111] turned the palace into a brothel,[47] and, most famously, planned or promised to make his horse, Incitatus, a consul,[112][113] [31][32] Philo describes the first seven months of Caligula's reign as completely blissful. Caesars adopted son Octavian became the next caesar and the Roman Empire was born. Before In 26, Tiberius withdrew from public life to the island of Capri, and in 31, Caligula joined him there. Brain fever is a medical infection or an infection caused by bacteria or viruses, which results in inflammation of the brain. [66] In 39, relations between Caligula and the Roman Senate deteriorated. He allowed new members into the equestrian and senatorial orders. [70] The inheritance of Nero, Agrippina's son and the future emperor, was seized by Caligula. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. [63] This act was in defiance of a prediction by Tiberius' soothsayer Thrasyllus of Mendes that Caligula had "no more chance of becoming emperor than of riding a horse across the Bay of Baiae". Pliny the Elder's Natural History has a few brief references to Caligula. Although he recovered, his mental condition seemed quite changed, and his descent into madness began. Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) was Roman emperor from 37 to 41 CE. There are few surviving sources about the reign of Caligula, though he is described as a noble and moderate emperor during the first six months of his rule. [84] The Temple of Castor and Pollux on the forum was linked directly to the imperial residence on the Palatine and dedicated to Caligula. Would you like email updates of new search results? The internet is awash with articles and blogs chewing over whether it is really true. EPILEPSY Most historians agree that epilepsy is the most likely candidate for Caligula's illness. Available at:https://www.magellantv.com/articles/sex-and-violence-in-rome-caligulas-empire-and-the-salacious-rumors-that-built-it-. [130] Chaerea tried to persuade the military to support the Senate. Caligula was born on August 31, 12 CE. All the details of Caligula's (Malcolm McDowell) cruel, bizarre reign are revealed right here: his unholy sexual passion for his sister, his marriage to Rome's most infamous prostitute, his fiendishly inventive means of disposing those who would oppose him, and more. There are several details in Caligula's biography that support this argument. The Senate had become accustomed to ruling without an emperor between the departure of Tiberius for Capri in 26 and Caligula's accession. [10] Agrippina and Caligula's brother, Nero, were banished in 29 on charges of treason. [45] Caligula's political payments for support, generosity and extravagance had exhausted the state's treasury. Rampaging through Rome committing murder, adultery and acts of debauchery, his reign came to an abrupt end when he was brutally assassinated after only four years. Gaius Caesar, now known to history as the third Roman emperor Caligula, was the son of the popular general and dynastic heir, Germanicus, and great grandson of Augustus through his mother. [69] Suetonius reports that other senators were degraded by being forced to wait on him and run beside his chariot. [43] During the same year, though, Caligula was criticized for executing people without full trials and for forcing the Praetorian prefect, Macro, to commit suicide. There are records of Herod Agrippa detailing his relationship with a young Caligula. [83][84] A sacred precinct was set apart for his worship at Miletus in the province of Asia and two temples were erected for worship of him in Rome. Long Day's Journey into Night, Dundee Rep," The Herald, 20 April 1994. Praxis (Bern 1994). The two older brothers of Gaius were Nero and Drusus. PMC He gained the nickname 'Caligula' which means 'Little Boots' because of the military regalia he wore as a child. [9][16] An observer said of Caligula, "Never was there a better servant or a worse master! For the first six months he was a good ruler, but that all changed when he became ill with what was described at the time as a "brain fever." After his illness, Caligula became a vicious tyrant. However, it is not known whether they are speaking figuratively or literally. [74], Details on the Mauretanian events of 3944 are unclear. of course the popular view that he was crazy is in itself rather disputed, since 27 bc when augustus establish the princeps and became rome first emperor he held the real power however officialy the republic was "restored". [44], According to Cassius Dio, a financial crisis emerged in 39. When he arrived at the age of manhood he endured fatigue tolerably well. [27] He accepted the powers of the principate and entered Rome on 28 March amid a crowd that hailed him as "our baby" and "our star", among other nicknames. [70], In 40, Caligula expanded the Roman Empire into Mauretania,[2] a client kingdom of Rome ruled by Ptolemy of Mauretania. "[29] Caligula was loved by many for being the beloved son of the popular Germanicus[28] and because he was not Tiberius. [5] He wore a miniature soldier's outfit, including army boots (caligae) and armour. "[52] Furthermore, Alston points out that Caligula's successor, Claudius, was able to donate 15,000 sesterces to each member of the Praetorian Guard in 41,[24] suggesting the Roman treasury was solvent. The horse has even made it into the Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable: its definition for the name "Incitatus" reads "the name of Caligula's horse, made a consul by the emperor". At the start, it looked to be that way. R.S. Macro had fallen out of favor with the emperor, probably due to an attempt to ally himself with Gemellus when it appeared that Caligula might die of fever. Please read the rules before participating, as we remove all comments which break the rules. [3] Gaius had two older brothers, Nero and Drusus,[2] and three younger sisters, Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla and Julia Livilla. All rights reserved. [17] Seneca the Elder and Philo, who both wrote during Tiberius' reign, as well as Josephus, record Tiberius as dying a natural death. Born Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus on 31 August 12 AD in Antium, Italy, Caligula was the third child among the six surviving children of the Roman general Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder. Caligula's death marked the official end of the Julii Caesares in the male line, though the Julio-Claudian dynasty continued to rule until the demise of his nephew, Nero. [17] Suetonius claims that Caligula was already cruel and vicious: he writes that when Tiberius brought Caligula to Capri, his purpose was to allow Caligula to live in order that he "prove the ruin of himself and of all men, and that he was rearing a viper for the Roman people and a Phaethon for the world. [114], Caligula's actions as emperor were described as being especially harsh to the Senate, to the nobility and to the equestrian order. Helen Mirren in a scene from . [75] Caligula's move seemingly had a strictly personal political motive fear and jealousy of his cousin Ptolemy and thus the expansion may not have been prompted by pressing military or economic needs. Like none, so you could be very corrupt and end up assainated. All these occurrences naturally alarmed the senate. [94] Caligula responded by removing Flaccus from his position and executing him. He became increasingly erratic and cruel. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 38 CE: Early in the year, Caligula forced his father-in-law, Gaius Silanus, and young Gemellus, grandson of Tiberius, to commit suicide by accusing them of treasonable activities. However, according to Josephus, when the ship carrying the statue was still underway, news of Caligula's death reached Petronius. Quotes tagged as "caligula" Showing 1-16 of 16. Suetonius. Shawn Ashley Spoilers The synopsis below may give away important plot points. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies This site needs JavaScript to work properly. [77] The few primary sources disagree on what precisely occurred. May be added. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. The disease is found in sub-Saharan Africa and the French West Indies and is characterized by fevers, headache, scabs that form at the site of tick inoculation, and localized lymph node swelling. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 24 January 41), better known by his nickname Caligula (/kljl/), was the third Roman emperor, ruling from 37 until his assassination in 41. [33] Caligula's first acts were said to be generous in spirit, though many were political in nature. The conflict eventually led to the destruction of her family, with Caligula as the sole male survivor. It was Suetonius who first published claims that Caligula committed incest with his three sisters. The ancient historians, upon whom we rely for our knowledge of Caligula, regarded him as a lunatic and laid the cause of his tyrannical actions to insanity. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Although Gaius was named after Gaius Julius Caesar, he acquired the nickname "Caligula" ("little caliga", a type of military boot) from his father's soldiers during their campaign in Germania. He states that both the elder Gaius Julius Caesar (Julius Caesar) and the younger Gaius Julius Caesar (Caligula) were stabbed 30 times by conspirators led by a man named Cassius (Cassius Longinus and Cassius Chaerea respectively). P. Bicknell, "The Emperor Gaius' Military Activities in AD 40". The facts and circumstances of Caligula's reign are mostly lost to history. [63], Caligula had two large ships constructed for himself (which were recovered from the bottom of Lake Nemi around 1930). Or, faced with absolute power, did he allow himself to be corrupted absolutely? If the illness caused his madness, then it is easy to see how dangerous it can be to concentrate power in one man. Josephus gives a detailed description of Caligula's assassination. Caligula had the heads removed from various statues of gods located across Rome and replaced them with his own. After his illness, his personality completely changed. [30] Suetonius said that over 160,000 animals were sacrificed during three months of public rejoicing to usher in the new reign. He singlehandedly tore down the empire, drained the treasury and undid most of what . 2019 Jul 1;9(7):e027892. He soon recovered from his illness, but many believed that the illness turned the young emperor toward the diabolical: he started to kill off or exile those who were close to him or whom he saw as a serious threat. [148] Despite swimming being a part of imperial education, Caligula could not swim. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. . Whether this change was an effect of the illness, as some sources claim, or whether his true nature began to assert itself once he felt securely in charge, is unclear. 1958 Jul;2(3):202-9. doi: 10.1017/s0025727300023759. [17][24] Tacitus writes that Macro smothered Tiberius with a pillow to hasten Caligula's accession, much to the joy of the Roman people,[24] while Suetonius writes that Caligula may have carried out the killing, though this is not recorded by any other ancient historian. [55] These improvements may have been in response to the famine. [38] He had his cousin and adopted son Tiberius Gemellus executed an act that outraged Caligula's and Gemellus' mutual grandmother Antonia Minor. [139], Caligula's sister, Agrippina the Younger, wrote an autobiography that certainly included a detailed explanation of Caligula's reign, but it too is lost. [60], At Syracuse, he repaired the city walls and the temples of the gods. The Practice of Dowsing for Water, Oil and Astonish not Awe: Why did Marina Abramovis Artwork Belmez Faces: Mystery of the People in the Floor. [154] Some modern historians think that Caligula had hyperthyroidism. In his early reign, Caligula is often described as the first Roman empire admired by everyone in all the world, from the rising to the setting sun. He charmed the people of Rome. MeSH Some people speculate that the illness affected his mind, which is why his personality changed completely. Two Truths and a Lie: Ancient Rome . He gained the nickname 'Caligula' which means 'Little Boots' because of the military regalia he wore as a child. He adorned the horse with various honors as well as awards, and ultimately decided to make Incitatus the head of the Senate. Tacitus provides some information on Caligula's life under Tiberius. Claudius granted a general amnesty, although he executed a few junior officers involved in the conspiracy, including Chaerea. [84] The validity of these accounts is debatable. There were a number of freedmen in his close circle who attained considerable influence: Helicon, his chamberlain; Apelles, a tragic actor; and most wealthy and powerful of all, Callistus, a kind of imperial secretary. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Davies, "The Abortive Invasion of Britain by Gaius". Caligula is interesting because he's described as incredibly competent early on in his reign. Cruel and tyrannical Emperor Caligula ruled Ancient Rome through fear and terror. What happened to Lamont Young? [63] Caligula, who could not swim,[64] then proceeded to ride his favourite horse Incitatus across, wearing the breastplate of Alexander the Great. Abandoned Lifeboat on Bouvet Island: Mystery Solved! to 41 C.E. Caligula (Italian: Caligola) is a 1979 erotic historical drama film focusing on the rise and fall of the Roman Emperor Caligula.The film stars Malcolm McDowell in the title role, alongside Teresa Ann Savoy, Helen Mirren, Peter O'Toole, John Steiner and John Gielgud.Producer Bob Guccione, the founder of Penthouse magazine, intended to produce an erotic feature film narrative with high . The site is secure. Most years of his youth were spent with Tiberius or in the palace, where he grew up in an unhealthy environment of paranoia and plotting. Caligula was accosted in his palace on 24 January, 41 AD by officers of his Praetorian guard, and stabbed to death. [12][13] Suetonius writes that after the banishment of his mother and brothers, Caligula and his sisters were nothing more than prisoners of Tiberius under the close watch of soldiers. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31, 12 - January 24, 41), more commonly known by his nickname Caligula, was the third Roman Emperor and a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from 37 to 41. The same affection was carried down to Caligula. [26] He destroyed Tiberius' treason papers, declared that treason trials were a thing of the past, and recalled those who had been sent into exile. Herod Antipas confessed and Caligula exiled him. Caligula was born into the first ruling family of the Roman Empire, conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. "Mister Cameron - I have read the unexpurgated Ovid, the love poems of Sappho, the Decameron in the original, and a great many texts in Greek and Latin histories that were not though fit for proper gentlemen to read, much less proper ladies. [41] Perhaps most significantly, he restored the practice of elections. However, evidence of the emperors extravagant lifestyle has surfaced at Lake Nemi, where workers salvaged two massive pleasure bargescomplete with marble dcor, mosaic floors and statuesin the late 1920s and early 1930s. After this, the sources focus upon his cruelty, sadism, extravagance, and sexual perversion, presenting him as an insane tyrant. However, the conspirators' attempt to use the opportunity to restore the Roman Republic was thwarted. Cassius Dio's work is invaluable because it alone gives a loose chronology of Caligula's reign. And why not? At the time of his accession, he was just 25 years old. The Boxer Rebellion: When China Found Her Freedom? Therefore speculations about madness are fruitless, as they can't be proven. [141] The question of whether Caligula was insane (especially after his illness early in his reign) remains unanswered. In Rome, another statue of himself, of colossal size, was made of gilt brass for the purpose. [131] Uncomfortable with lingering imperial support, the assassins sought out and killed Caligula's wife, Caesonia, and killed their young daughter, Julia Drusilla, by smashing her head against a wall. [127] By the time Caligula's loyal Germanic guard responded, the Emperor was already dead. The Portal for Public History. And Tacitus, during a lengthy diatribe in which he accuses Caligulas sister Agrippinawife of the Emperor Claudiusof incest with her son, never implicates her brother. He hated being the grandson of Agrippa and slandered Augustus by repeating a falsehood that his mother was conceived as the result of an incestuous relationship between Augustus and his daughter Julia the Elder. Mausoleum of Augustus: Why Are There No Tombs of Early Roman Emperors? Thus, the statue was never installed. Flaccus had been loyal to Tiberius, had conspired against Caligula's mother and had connections with Egyptian separatists. Soon the soldiers gave him the affectionate nickname Caligula, which meant little boots owing to the caligae or small boots that he wore. He published the accounts of public funds, which had not been made public during the reign of Tiberius. He directed much of his attention to ambitious construction projects and luxurious dwellings for himself, and he initiated the construction of two aqueducts in Rome: the Aqua Claudia and the Anio Novus. Answer: We don't know the nature of Caligula's illness. caligula's officers. After marrying Germanicus, she defied tradition by accompanying him on his military campaigns in Germania, reportedly acting as an adviser and diplomat. Fabius Rusticus and Cluvius Rufus both wrote condemning histories on Caligula that are now lost. Seneca was almost put to death by Caligula in AD39 likely due to his associations with conspirators. In this game one of the cards states "Fact: In 37 CE, Caligula was diagnosed with 'brain fever' and soon thereafter began forcing many people including his father-in-law, to commit suicide." [14]The card suggests that Caligula somehow transformed suddenly into a mad tyrant. According to Wilkinson, Caligula's use of precious metals to mint coins throughout his principate indicates that the treasury most likely never fell into bankruptcy. This renowned 1976 mini-series (based on the books I, Claudius and Claudius the God by Robert Graves) follows the history of The Roman Empire, from the latter reign of Augustus (starting around 24/23 B.C.) A discourse which originates mainly from the senatorial narrative that sought to discredit him through any possible... Though, aggravated this feud is easy to see how dangerous it what was caligula's brain fever be to concentrate power in man... Rufus both wrote condemning histories on Caligula that are now lost see how dangerous it can be to power! 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