Assuming a sample surface with a sticking coefficient of unity (i.e., nearly every impinging particle sticks to the surface), a simple rule of thumb states that the surface would be covered with one monolayer of adsorbates for 1 s of exposure to a gas pressure of 10 6 mbar (Ref. but the present pattern is firmly established and there is much to be said for it. The recommendations in this report which relate to research within the Government, to the release of scientific information, to clarification of the tax laws, and to the recovery and development of our scientific talent now in uniform can be implemented by action within the existing structure of the Government. (5) While assuring complete independence and freedom for the nature, scope, and methodology of research carried on in the institutions receiving public funds, and while retaining discretion in the allocation of funds among such institutions, the Foundation proposed herein must be responsible to the President and the Congress. There must be plenty of men and women trained in science and technology for upon them depend both the creation of new knowledge and its application to practical purposes. Together, Bush and Holt give us a roadmap for US science today. Stay connected for new books and special offers. Phone: +86 10 8457 8802 20 as a Formulation of programs and policy within the scope of the particular Divisions. Between World War I and World War II the United States overtook all other nations in medical research and assumed a position of world leadership. Phone: +1 609 258 4900 VII. Now the situation is different. "Eric D. Isaacs, president of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 41 William Street Freedom of inquiry must be preserved under any plan for Government support of science in accordance with the Five Fundamentals listed on page 26. Steps should be taken to reduce that handicap. As long as they are vigorous and healthy and their scientists are free to pursue the truth wherever it may lead, there will be a flow of new scientific knowledge to those who can apply it to practical problems in Government, in industry, or elsewhere. III. Such an agency should furnish the funds needed to support basic research in the colleges and universities, should coordinate where possible research programs on matters of utmost importance to the national welfare, should formulate a national policy for the Government toward science, should sponsor the interchange of scientific information among scientists and laboratories both in this country and abroad, and should ensure that the incentives to research in industry and the universities are maintained. One lesson is clear from the reports of the several committees attached as appendices. The figures have been taken from a variety of sources and arbitrary definitions have necessarily been applied, but it is believed that they may be accepted as indicating the following trends: If the colleges, universities, and research institutes are to meet the rapidly increasing demands of industry and Government for new scientific knowledge, their basic research should be strengthened by use of public funds. In this country the increase has been accompanied by more abundant food supply, better living, more leisure, longer life, and better health. Discovery of new therapeutic agents and methods usually results from basic studies in medicine and the underlying sciences. But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. 1 Citations. Students drop out of school, college, and graduate school, or do not get that far, for a variety of reasons: they cannot afford to go on; schools and colleges providing courses equal to their capacity are not available locally; business and industry recruit many of the most promising before they have finished the training of which they are capable. It is inhibited by conventional approaches, traditions, and standards. (3) The agency should promote research through contracts or grants to organizations outside the Federal Government. Those ready for college training in the sciences have not been permitted to enter upon that training. It creates the fund from which the practical applications of knowledge must be drawn. Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. Now, lets get on with the work of getting science to do its part in our society. There are brains and character, strength and health, happiness and spiritual vitality, interest and motivation, and no one knows what else, that must needs enter into this supra-mathematical calculus. Science Is a Proper Concern of Government. We think it very important that every boy and girl shall know that, if he shows that he has what it takes, the sky is the limit. Science, the endless frontier : A report to the President V. Bush Published 15 September 2011 Engineering, Political Science View via Publisher biodiversitylibrary.org Save to Library Create Alert Cite 1,016 Citations Citation Type More Filters Bridging knowledge to commercialization: the good, the bad, and the challenging T. Baycan, R. Stough The chief executive officer of the Foundation should be a director appointed by the Members. The Armed Services cannot be expected to be experts in all of the complicated fields which make it possible for a great nation to fight successfully in total war. Our ability to overcome possible future enemies depends upon scientific advances which will proceed more rapidly with diffusion of knowledge than under a policy of continued restriction of knowledge now in our possession. The establishment of the new agency, including a civilian military research group, should not be delayed by the existence of the Research Board for National Security, which is a temporary measure. "Speaker Nancy Pelosi, "Vannevar Bushs prescient report launched the modern scientific enterprise, spurred by generous government investment. The mobilization of science behind the lines is aiding the fighting men at the front to win the war and to shorten it; and it has resulted incidentally in the accumulation of a vast amount of experience and knowledge of the application of science to particular problems, much of which can be put to use when the war is over. It is recommended, therefore, that specific action with regard to the patent laws be withheld pending the submission of the report devoted exclusively to that subject. In recent decades, Chinese researchers have become preeminent contributors to the scientific enterprise, as reflected by the number of publications originating from Chinese research institutions. While expenditures for scientific research in the colleges and universities increased by one-half during this period, those for the endowed research institutes have slowly declined. To date, with the exception of the intensive war research conducted by the Office of Scientific Research and Development, such support has been meager and intermittent. There are certain basic principles which must underlie the program of Government support for scientific research and education if such support is to be effective and if it is to avoid impairing the very things we seek to foster. As President Roosevelt observed, the annual deaths from one or two diseases are far in excess of the total number of American lives lost in battle during this war. Risk of bias assessment. The program proposed by the Moe Committee in Appendix 4 would provide 24,000 undergraduate scholarships and 900 graduate fellowships and would cost about $30,000,000 annually when in full operation. It is in keeping with the American tradition -- one which has made the United States great -- that new frontiers shall be made accessible for development by all American citizens. The Endless Frontier: The Next 75 Years in Science. Written by Vannevar Bush, president of the Carnegie Institution of . Now elevated and updated by the brilliant writing of former congressman Rush Holt, an unmatched champion for the advancement of science, this book is a forceful declaration of the value of science for our democracy and a ringing call to action for policymakers and the American people alike. Science: The Endless Frontier, sowing seeds for the innovation and technology-driven productivity gains that propelled the United States to global economic and geopolitical leadership, generated unprecedented wealth for Americans, and drove social progress. Much of the scientific research done by Government agencies is intermediate in character between the two types of work commonly referred to as basic and applied research. But we must proceed with caution in carrying over the methods which work in wartime to the very different conditions of peace. Yet, uncertainties in the operation of the patent laws have impaired the ability of small industries to translate new ideas into processes and products of value to the nation. 9 reviews In 1945, Dr. Vannevar Bush, then director of the wartime Office of Scientific Research and Development, prepared a report for President Franklin Roosevelt to recommend a national approach towards science and research. China Many of the lessons learned in the war-time application of science under Government can be profitably applied in peace. They should receive their expenses and compensation for their services at a per diem rate of, say, $50 while engaged on business of the Foundation, but no division member should receive more than, say, $10,000 compensation per year. (4) Support of basic research in the public and private colleges, universities, and research institutes must leave the internal control of policy, personnel, and the method and scope of the research to the institutions themselves. Conceptualmente hablando, la Big Science estuvo y est basada en el modelo lineal del conocimiento, que fue formulado por primera vez por Vannevar Bush en su clebre informe al presidente Roosevelt, Science, the Endless Frontier (1945). Only in the creation of one over-all mechanism rather than several does this report depart from the specific recommendations of the committees. Thanks to the wise provision of the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy, most of the results of war-time medical research have been published. There are within Government departments many groups whose interests are primarily those of scientific research. We have given much thought to the question of how plans for the use of Federal funds may be arranged so that such funds will not drive out of the picture funds from local governments, foundations, and private donors. Colleges and universities in which research will be conducted principally under contract with the Foundation are, unlike commercial institutions, not equipped to handle the detailed vouchering procedures and auditing technicalities which are required of the usual Government contractors. Science, the Endless Frontier 1945 Washington, D. C. Government Printing Office 184 A Report to the President. A second offers that basic research discoveries will be converted via technology transfer to become powerful drivers of technological innovation. Publicly and privately supported colleges and universities and the endowed research institutes must furnish both the new scientific knowledge and the trained research workers. Uncertainties as to the attitude of the Bureau of Internal Revenue regarding the deduction of research and development expenses are a deterrent to research expenditure. . We think it very important that circumstances be such that there be no ceilings, other than ability itself, to intellectual ambition. He layers historical context with a deeper examination of publicly funded science, and he challenges the scientific community to be more inclusive. SPEDIZIONE GRATUITA su ordini idonei For every 1,000 students in the fifth grade, 600 are lost to education before the end of high school, and all but 72 have ceased formal education before completion of college. The bitter and dangerous battle against the U-boat was a battle of scientific techniques -- and our margin of success was dangerously small. It is wholly probable that progress in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, renal disease, cancer, and similar refractory diseases will be made as the result of fundamental discoveries in subjects unrelated to those diseases, and perhaps entirely unexpected by the investigator. It is important that the patent system continue to serve the country in the manner intended by the Constitution, for it has been a vital element in the industrial vigor which has distinguished this nation. - Studies by the several committees provide a partial basis for making an estimate of the order of magnitude of the funds required to implement the proposed program. The terms of the Members should be, say, 4 years, and no Member should be eligible for immediate reappointment provided he has served a full 4-year term. Cite this article . The Foundation here proposed has been described only in outline. Government initiative, support, and coordination can be very effective in this development phase. The work of getting science to do its part in our society within. The war-time application of science under Government can be very effective in this development phase is. 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